However, the presence of PSP in cell culture medium has no significant effect on OATP’s function. PSP interacts with known OATP substrates/inhibitors. The K m values for OATP1B1-, OATP1B3-, and OATP2B1-mediated PSP uptake were 11.3 ± 1.5, 7.0 ± 1.5, and 5.1 ± 1.0 μM, respectively. An in vitro cell-based study demonstrated that PSP is a substrate for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1, with OATP1B3 showing the highest transport efficiency. In the present study, six human major hepatic uptake transporters expressed on the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes, namely, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), OATP1B3, OATP2B1, Na +/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), and OAT2, have been investigated to see whether they are involved in the hepatic uptake of PSP. However, so far, the molecular mechanism for PSP transport from the blood into hepatocytes is unclear. In biliary excretion, PSP is effluxed from hepatocytes into the bile via MRP2. The urinary excretion of PSP is mediated by organic anion transporter 1/3 (OAT1/3) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2). After administered into the body, PSP is excreted into urine and bile. Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP or phenol red), a sulfonphthalein dye, has been used as a diagnostic agent and a pH indicator in cell culture medium.
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